1.1 What is Effluent?

1.2 The Sanitation Challenges

1.3 What are the Objectives of Effluent Treatment?

1.4 Why is Adequate Effluent Management Required?

1.5 How do you decide what type of effluent management is suitable?

1.5.1 Ensuring Safe Reuse: Meeting WHO Standards

1.5.1.1 Why Effluent Reuse Matters: Ensuring a Water-Secure Future

1.5.2 Alternative to Effluent Reuse: Safe Infiltration

1.5.3 Safe Discharge

2.1 What are planted gravel filters?

2.2 How does a subsurface flow planted gravel filter function?

2.3 What aquatic plants can be used in a planted gravel filter?

2.4 What is the difference between horizontal and vertical planted gravel filters?

2.5 How is the treatment performance of sub-surface planted gravel filters?

2.6 What are the O&M Requirements?

2.7 What is the space requirement, and how can it be determined?

2.8 What are the advantages and disadvantages of planted gravel filters?

2.9 Costs

2.10 Adequacy in the context of emergency

2.11 Example: Horizontal Planted Gravel Filter as Secondary Treatment Step in Rohingya Refugee Camp, Bangladesh

4.1 What is sand filtration, and how does it work?

4.2 How and under which conditions does intermittent sand filtration function?

4.3 How is the treatment performance of ISFs?

4.4 What are the O&M Requirements?

4.5 What is the space requirement of ISFs?

4.6 Costs

4.7 Adequacy in the context of emergency

4.8 Example: Intermittent Sand Filter as Tertiary Treatment Step in Ben Sergao, Morocco

5.1 What is disinfection?

5.2 What are the infectious organisms in wastewater?

5.3 What are the different methods to realise disinfection?

5.3.1 Chlorination

5.3.2 Ultraviolet Radiation

5.3.3 Tertiary Filtration

5.4 What are the O&M Requirements?

5.5 Costs

5.6 Adequacy in emergency settings

5.7 Example: Refugee Camp

6.1 Available Advanced Effluent Treatment Technologies

6.2 Applicability

6.3 SCGc Back-End Technologies

6.4 NEWgen Back-End Technology

7.1 What is irrigation, and what is its purpose?

7.2 The Water Scarcity Challenge and a Solution

7.3 Associated Risk and Mitigation: Health Risks

7.4 Associated Risk and Mitigation: Environmental Risks

7.5 What quality of wastewater/effluent and soil is acceptable for irrigation?  

7.6 Monitoring Requirements

7.7 Irrigation Methods

7.8 What amount of effluent or area is required for irrigation?

7.9 Cost

7.10 Adequacy for Emergency Contexts

8.1 What is infiltration, and what is its purpose?

8.2 What conditions need to be in place for safe infiltration?

8.3 What soil is suitable for infiltration and what factors influence the soil?

8.4 How to determine infiltration and perform a percolation test?

8.5 What are common methods for infiltration?

8.5.1 Infiltration Trenches

8.5.2 Infiltration Beds

8.5.3 Infiltration Mounds

8.5.4 Soak Pits

8.6 How is the required filtration area determined?

8.6.1 What are the potential advantages and disadvantages of infiltration?

8.7 Adequacy in the Emergency Context