3.7 Costs

The CapEx of trickling filters is moderate to high depending on the design, including aspects such as the filter type, media and feeder pumps used.

The OpEx is moderate to high, depending on if and how much electricity is required for the operation. Labour is another relevant cost factor.

In any case, expert design and skilled labour are required for construction and maintenance (e.g. prevent clogging, ensure adequate flushing, monitor hydraulic and organic loads, control filter flies, etc.). Electricity consumption is required for pumps (e.g. to bring the water to the top of the filter) and for the sprinkler system.