2.2 Water Supply

The right to water is part of the universal rights essential for human survival and dignity, entitling every individual to sufficient, safe, accessible water for personal and domestic uses. This right is critical in emergencies, where vulnerabilities are intensified and the risks of waterborne diseases increase. People affected by crises are susceptible to illness and death from disease, particularly diarrhoeal and infectious diseases, which is directly related to inadequate and unsafe water supply.

Safe water is essential to:

• sustain life, health and dignity;
• prevent death from dehydration;
• reduce the risk of WASH-related diseases; and
• allow for adequate consumption, cooking, and personal and domestic hygienic requirements.

Access to water is essential to human health and well-being, and recognised as a basic human right. This right entitles everyone to have access to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for both personal and domestic uses. This right applies to all contexts of an emergency, transcending geographical and temporal considerations. In response to emergencies, there exist tailored standards and guidelines dedicated to ensuring both quantity and quality of water. These guide the efforts for meeting this right of access to water and include the Sphere project’s minimum standards for all emergency types and phases as well as specific standards for internally and internationally displaced people by UNHCR, the WHO guidelines for drinking water, and existing national standards and guidelines.

However, national water standards are not always adaptable for crisis situations, so it may not be appropriate or feasible to follow existing standards. If national

emergency guidelines are not specific or existent; the Sphere Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response should be referred to for guidance (or UNHCR indicators and targets in refugee settings), which need to be further adapted based on context, response phase and existing national targets.

The main objective of water supply programmes in humanitarian response is to reduce public health risks by creating barriers along the pathways of pathogen transmission. Integrated water and sanitation management should meet human needs and protect the ecosystem. Key objectives for water supply are:

• People have equitable and affordable access to a sufficient quantity of safe water to meet their drinking and domestic needs;
• Water is palatable and of sufficient quality for drinking and cooking and for personal and domestic hygiene without causing a risk to health;

The priority is to provide adequate quantity of water, even if its safety cannot be guaranteed, and to protect water sources from contamination. A minimum of 15 litres per person per day should be provided as soon as possible and in extreme cases and short periods, the minimum is 7.5 litres per person per day (see table below).

During acuter response, people may use an untreated water source for laundry, bathing, etc, however, longer term plans and water-quality improvements should be made for the stabilisation and recovery phases.